To understand the solar cycle, notice how the sun sleeps
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The sun is such a constant in our lives that it can be difficult to imagine our star ever changing. But the sun can be quite variable. There are times when its magnetic field is turbulent and generates many sunspots and other times when it is quiet and dormant. Since the 1800s, we’ve known that these active and passive periods follow an 11-year pattern known as the solar cycle. But even after centuries of observation, we still have a difficult time predicting exactly when solar maximum will occur and just how intense it will be. This is important because solar activity can have a significant impact on our modern technological infrastructure.
Fortunately, we have some clues to improve our predictions, as a new study shows. In a study published in The Astrophysical Journal, Sandra Chapman looked at the solar activity of previous cycles and noticed that, rather than having a smooth rise and fall of activity, solar maxima have a sharp cutoff point. At that moment, the number of sunspots drops significantly. The number of sunspots at that cutoff point correlates with the strength of the next solar maximum. There is also a weaker correlation between the overall strength of one maximum and the predicted strength of the next.
The sun is currently in Cycle 25, which began in 2019. It is just past its peak and will continue to decline in activity until around 2030. Based on the observations so far, Chapman’s prediction is that Cycle 26 will be somewhat weaker than Cycle 25. But the real test will come when the sun reaches its next switch-off point. Based on Cycle 24, that should occur in 2028. After the cutoff, Chapman will have a firm prediction for Cycle 26. By the mid- to late 2030s, we’ll know whether Chapman’s model is correct.
Publication details
S. C. Chapman, A New Declining Phase Precursor and an Early Prediction of Cycle 26 Maximum, The Astrophysical Journal (2026). DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae6859
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To understand the solar cycle, notice how the sun sleeps (2026, September 20)
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